關於老年人贍養的外文文獻

❶ 求關於中國農村養老的外文文獻

到萬方這類論文資料庫找，那裡論文多，且質量高。自己懶得去找的話，可以去淘寶的《翰林書店》店鋪看看，店主應該能幫你下載到這論文的

❷ 需要老年公寓或者養老院設計的建築英文文獻~~急求,可以盡快回答我嗎

二十一世紀我國逐步進入老齡化社會，而中國的老年事業滯後於經濟和社會發展，社會養老設施嚴重不足，老年人的居住環境問題已嚴峻地擺到建築設計人員面前。老年人口的快速增長、家庭結構的變化、老少分離居住、家庭贍養關系的變化引起對老年住宅新的需求。國內外的實踐也表明，創造適宜老年人居住的住宅，促進和完善家庭養老比大力推進社會養老具有更普遍、更積極的意義。 本文在分析國內老年住宅的現實需求和發展前景的前提下，指出適宜老年人的住宅是解決我國老年人居住生活問題的現實對策。開發建設老年住宅，作為一種建築類型設置於居住區內，以老年住宅為載體發展住宅市場和老年服務市場，對老齡化社會中保持老年人的獨立性和老年人共享社會發展成果十分必要。在明確老年住宅這一框架之後，本文在分析老年人生理、心理以及行為特徵的基礎上，把老年住宅分為內部空間環境和外部空間環境分別對其進行分析探討。提出適宜老年人的住宅設計應以老年人為核心，創造易於識別、易於控制、易於到達、易於交往和無障礙的空間環境。從總平面設計到道路設施、空間組合、套型設計、各個功能空間設計、服務設施設計以及細部處理都始終貫徹對老年人的關懷和對老年人的適宜性。論文意在通過對適宜老...
Our country enters the aging-country graally in the 21st century. But business for the aged lags behind the society advancement and economy development, the facility is insufficiency seriously. The architects confront the vital question of the inhabitation environment of the aged. The aged increasing quickly, change of family structure, separation between parents and family and difficult of family support which arouse demands of the house for the aged. The domestic and international fulfillments prove tha...

❸ 求關於社區居家養老的外文文獻

網路文庫上很多啊。如大象通信的居家和養老服務信息化建設等等。

❹ 求一份關於人口老齡化或養老的外文文獻

外文文獻有，翻譯沒有，翻譯得靠你自己了，如果需要直接網路Hi中留言同時貼出問題的鏈接地址和郵箱地址即可，希望能滿足你的需要，能幫到你，並請及時知道評價，多多給點懸賞分吧，急用的話請多選賞點分吧，這樣更多的知友才會及時幫到你，我找到也是很花時間的，並請及時採納

❺ 求關於社區養老的外文文獻

The aging of the population in the 21st century the major social problems, the international community of the hot issues of common concern of China's social, economic and overall development with the major strategic issues. In recent years, China's traditional family and community-based old-age pension services, both in the event of significant changes. Now, on this issue with the international experts and counterparts to exchange some cases.
(A) At present, China is the world's most populous country in the elderly, accounting for about one-fifth of the world's elderly population. Since the end of 2000, the elderly population over the age of 60 to 3.2 percent average annual growth rate last year, China's water for more than 60 elderly people have reached 136 million, accounting for 10 percent share of the total population of more than the aging of the population to enter the country. More prominent is that the elderly over the age of 80 has reached 13 million and an average annual rate of 5.4 percent. The middle of this century, 60 years old or older will reach about 400 million, when one in four elderly people. China's population age structure into old age by the alt type, date from 1982 to 2000, only 18 years, compared with some developed countries, the speed of the base of the large number of the elderly population is an unprecedented of.
Population aging in the process of development, although the growth rate of China's rapidly aging population, but from the beginning of the 21st century, the Chinese economy will achieve the development objectives of the third step, 30 to 21 years, the working population the proportion of the total population has remained more than 60%, with a long time in China's labor resources are still relatively abundant and low age of the older population accounts for 70% of healthy elderly. Therefore, the aging of the population on China's prospects, they do not have to worry, can not be negligent, as long as doing a good job, governance of China's population aging, we are full of confidence.
It is worth noting that at the turn of the century about the importance of 20-year historical period, China's social and economic structure of many areas will face a "transition" process, and its future, will include old-age pension system, including the future of China's economy have a profound impact on the trend. One change from the scores of the planned economy era of planned economy to market economy and the coexistence of two-track, and then to a fairly complete socialist market economic system reform, China has demanded the establishment of the pension system and reform the idea of a variety of market economy should be closely the pulse of development in line with the requirements of the development of a market economy, constrained by the laws of the market. The second change, China has continued for more than a decade of rapid economic growth, the turn of the century will be continued. As to China's overall national strength has increased substantially and the national economy and employment structure of the instrial structure will be significant changes to speed up the urbanization process. Owing to the large number of rural surplus labor transfer to the second and third instries, and from rural areas moved to cities, rural areas will depend in large measure the traditional shake the foundation of the family pension. The third change in the turn of the century, China's aging population has entered the ranks of society. Elderly population in absolute numbers and in the total population increase in the proportion will change the age structure of the population, adding to the burden of social endowment. Of social labor market supply, the national economy, the proportion of accumulation and consumption and so on have a profound impact. The transformation of socio-economic structure, the decision of China's pension system will also be going through a "transition" process, leading from the main domestic economic leader in the social old-age pension to the transition. However, taking into account in the 21st century for a long period of time, China's existing urban-rural al economic structure will continue to exist. Therefore, at present, China's pension system, the basic framework can be broadly summarized as follows: conform to their social, economic and demographic changes in the structure of the family old-age pension and track both the overall framework of the graal transition to the social endowment.
(B) China's old-age pension, currently mainly family-based old-age pension. People's Republic of China since the founding of the "Constitution", "Marriage," "People's Republic of China Law on the Protection of the rights and interests of older persons" such as laws, they affirmed the legal status of family pension, of which 29 August, 1996 promulgated " Old Age Law "clearly provides that" the elderly mainly depend on old-age home, family members should be the concern and care for older persons. maintenance of older persons should carry out to support the economic, social care and spiritual comfort of the obligations of the special care of the elderly needs. "
China's family old-age model, has also aroused the concern of the international community. Held in Vienna in 1982, the United Nations World Assembly on Aging, the General Assembly, the Secretary-General pointed out: "with China as the representative of the Asian way to solve the problems of the elderly is the world's example." The so-called Asian way, that is, refers specifically to the way of family pension. In China, such a large population, the economy is not yet well-developed developing countries, to play the role of family pension, a very far-reaching significance. Moreover, adhering to and developing the tradition of old-age home for the aging of the population of developing countries to solve the problem, there will be a certain impact.
From the social development, the family pension is not only reflected the inter-generational economic reciprocity between the mutual aid and, more importantly, embodies the spirit of mutual support the two sides consolation. No matter what kind of goods to the level of economic development, regardless of people's thinking, values and how the family structure changes, the traditional ethics of the Chinese nation still maintain the basic norms of a normal life. Because, in the family as a result of the formation of a common life and harmonious family relations, social relations, any other can not be replaced.
However, the progress of society, the times are changing, China is not the old model can not be changed. Overall, China's old-age, elderly, whether rural or urban, 70% of the elderly have been relatively good maintenance. And the mobilization of all levels of government rely on the strength of all sectors of society to take a variety of old-age pension, so as to enable the broad masses of the spirit of the basic needs of the elderly. However, some elderly people to old-age pension is also not satisfied. Not satisfied with the proportion of claims for different, and some that are not satisfied with the 22 percent of people, some 19% of the people that are not satisfied with, and some that are not satisfied with 26% of the people. In short, one-third of the elderly believe that the issue of the elderly more prominent pension of old-age pension is not satisfied with the situation. This is because the emergence of new family pension, the new situation. Its a common question is: the concept of family pension, old-age sense of desalination; "parents, not Travel" has been completely shattered the fetters; senior citizens more and more elderly, more and more empty-nest elderly, a growing elderly family more; rural old-age security has not been fully established, the rural collective economic base is weak, no more funds to address the issue of protecting the livelihood of the elderly; elderly family status has changed fundamentally. Old-age traditional family has faced unprecedented challenges.
In the cities, increasing family size reced, the core of the family, empty nest families, the elderly will be increasing number of families. "Family changes in trend analysis of Shanghai," Shanghai article pointed out that the main characteristics of the family: the family is always in continuous growth (the early 80s, the city's families a total of 3,146,000, the early 90s rose to 4,153,000, 10 in an increase of 1.007 million); families increasingly shrink the average population (the city's family size to 4.91 persons in 1949 to 1982, the city's average family size has dropped to 3.6 people, the current average is less than 3 per person); single families, elderly households showed the trend of rapid growth (the city's 4.39 million households in the elderly over the age of 65 accounted for 26.4 percent of households than in 1990 increased by 4.5 percentage points), the example of Shanghai, in a sense, reflects China's cities with the issue of universality.
The above shows that with the historical development, social change, the family faced a series of new problems in old-age pension, old-age traditional family has become the aging of the population not meet the needs of the development. From China's economic, political, cultural traditions and the elderly and families for tolerance, it is necessary to ensure the dignity of older persons, both now or in the future, take the family old-age pension and social combination of roads, is to resolve the issue of China's old-age of a way out.
(C) of the Chinese elderly people in urgent need of the community old-age pension of service to the community. Community refers to a certain geographical-based community social life, which includes a certain geographical region, the region of a variety of material and cultural resources, as well as through the blood, such as geopolitical relations linking people with common interests and organizations. Urban communities in China, generally refers to an office area or street. Community to serve the community of old-age pension is community-carrier-led community-based organizations play a government, communities, families and indivials a wide range of power, the full mobilization of community resources, material and human resources for the elderly, elderly, old-age provide a full range of support to the elderly according to their own desires to continue to stay at home and stay in a familiar environment, and pro-people familiar with the neighbors and friends with dignity.
China's community service pension starting from the 80's, after 20 years of development has begun to take shape, at present, most large and medium-sized cities have begun to take shape the facilities and services, fixed services and door-to-door services as the main form of service, and form of life care, health care, mental health, culture and entertainment, participation and protection services as the main contents of the pattern of community service pension. In recent years, the Chinese government attaches importance to promoting community service to the community, and has introced a "speed up the development on the views of community services" and "accelerate the achievement on the socialization of social welfare views." In some places on the promotion of community service to the community of old-age have also been actively exploring in the full use of various social forces to mobilize the community of human, material and financial resources, the establishment of multi-channel services to the cause of old-age community has made initial success. Such as Zhejiang, Shanghai, Guangdong and other provinces and municipalities have issued the relevant policies and regulations, social forces organized for the cause of social welfare has created a favorable policy environment, greatly improving the enterprises and institutions, social groups and indivials, as well as Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and even foreign organizations to run social welfare initiatives to quicken the social and pension services. Up to now, China's community-based elderly care facilities has reached 200,000, community service organizations, 70,000 volunteers, community service more than 800 million volunteers, run more than 750 social welfare agencies.
At present, China's endowment of the community social services to the main contents include:
(A) the diversification of investment channels. Given China's current level of economic development, the Government can not do all the community facilities and services for the elderly, should be taken to the state, collectives and indivials shared responsibility approach. Part of government investment funds, the main force of the elderly services for the demonstration projects, and through preferential policies and encourage the community to draw on the strength of older facilities and services set up in order to greatly accelerate the community-the pace of development of elderly services to meet the growing elderly The demand for services and facilities.
(B) community-based management approach. Arranged to change the way old-age welfare facilities, services and facilities, as appropriate, will be part of services to civil society groups to the operation and management, the Government has given some preferential policies, the adoption of policies and regulations at the same time monitoring and guidance, social service to the community to do.
(C) the community of clients. Community services and old-age pension is not only simple facilities for the elderly or a small number of the Home object, but for all communities in need of the elderly. Units and corporate services and facilities for the elderly to all elderly people should be community-oriented, to achieve resource sharing.
(D) community-based services. The professional services and volunteer activities, a wide range of community residents and area units for the elderly community obligations, to cover services.
In addition, the level of China's social security than the western developed countries is still relatively low, for the welfare of the elderly care situation of growing demand, a number of urban communities to establish a time saving system to encourage young people to provide care for the elderly care for the elderly, for their own future care needs of the time savings.

❻ 急需一篇關於農村養老保險的外文文獻。可以的話帶翻譯完的。翻譯成中文要5000字。拜託各位大神們。

自己去sciencedirect，springerlink等外文資料庫下載啊或者到知網，維普等中文資料庫下載很多的，校園網內免費獲取校園網外可以利用google學術搜索，有部分能免費下載

❼ 有關農村居家養老服務模式這一類的外文文獻+中文翻譯，有請發[email protected]~~十分感謝

在網上搜搜吧，或許能找到。

❽ 想找一篇關於異地養老的外文文獻，要pdf格式的

丟打拓荒認同和投入後如何如果讓他忽然忽然仍然他仍然

❾ 要寫老年人養老問題的論文！求城市老年人的養老問題的文獻資料！！

一、引言
我國作為世界上人口最多的國家，同時也是世界上老齡化人口最多的國家，社會保障和醫療保健壓力巨大。根據國際通用解釋，若65歲以上人口的比例超過總人口的7%，就是老齡化的社會；超過14%，就是老齡社會。目前，大多數發達國家都屬於老齡化的社會，如法國、美國、英國、日本等等。據統計，從65歲以上人口的比例超過總人口的7%上升到14%，法國用了114年，美國用了65年，英國用了45年，日本用了24年，而我國只用了20年，預計到2050年中國老齡化人口將會達到全國人口的三分之一。
老齡化問題產生的原因主要兩個：一為壽命延長，伴隨著人們生活水平和醫療保健水平的提高，中國的人均壽命由1949年的35歲達到現在的75歲，翻了一番還多，反映出祖國的社會變遷，這是國富民強的象徵；二為非均衡生育，未實行計劃生育政策前，中國「一家多胎」現象嚴重，自1983年開始的計劃生育政策，減緩了中國的人口增長速度。
如何解決中國老齡化問題，基於以上兩點原因，提出不同的對策。壽命延長導致的老齡化問題不可避免，由此帶來的後果通常為養老金不足和養老保障措施不配套，只能通過延遲退休和加強養老保障措施來解決；非均衡生育帶來的老齡化問題，只能通過均衡生育來應對，根據2010年的人口普查結果，顯示在過去的10年中，中國人口增加了7000多萬，但是生育率卻低於1.5，即每個負率平均生了不到1.5個小孩，遠遠低於2.1的更替生育率，這就意味著中國的下一代人會比上一代人的數量少30%，不遠的將來，中國人口將進入負增長的時期，人口老齡化問題將更加突出。
二、城市老人生活現狀
（一）家庭基本狀況
計劃生育政策實行30年來，第一二代出生的獨生子女已經進入結婚和生育的年齡，在這種背景下，「四二一」家庭模式逐漸普遍起來，即四個老人，一對夫妻和一個孩子的家庭模式。四個老人需要兩個獨生子女贍養，同時還要撫養一個孩子，加上獨生子女本身存在的嚴重依賴性，在社會飛速發展、競爭壓力劇增的今天，往往力不從心，照料不及。
另外，「空巢家庭」和鰥寡孤獨家庭逐漸增加，其原因多種多樣：（1）老年人希望獨立生活，不願離開久居的環境；（2）老人希望與子女住在一起，但由於生活方式、價值觀念的不同，為避免沖突矛盾而選擇獨立生活；（3）子女工作忙、住房緊張，客觀條件不允許；（4）因子女婚嫁離開父母異地成家；（5）不願贍養父母等。
（二）經濟狀況
與農村老年人相比，城市老年人退休後基本上都有退休金，加上普遍存在的儲蓄習慣，因此經濟收入和消費水平較高。據統計，城市中85%的老人退休後的主要來源為退休金，13%的老人依靠子女的資助。由此可見，老年人的主要收入來源為退休金。但是，不同單位的退休人員在退休金待遇上有明顯差距，機關事業單位退休人員待遇較企業離退休人員高很多。
（三）健康狀況與醫療需求
隨著醫療水平的不斷提高，城市老年人的壽命不斷延長。但是，壽命的延長不代表健康狀況的延長。目前，我國城市老年人的健康狀況堪憂，只有1/3的老人身體健康狀況較好，其餘2/3的老人都患有不同程度的疾病，所患疾病多以慢性病為主，其中較常見的為高血壓、高血脂、糖尿病等，一半的城市老人還同時患有多種以上疾病，城市老年群體的生活自理能力、身體健康狀況都不如人意。
老年人的醫療需求中遇到的最大困難是經濟因素，其次是手續繁瑣，再有是行動和交通不便。除了上述因素，不同地區的老人還有不同的困難，在城區的老人還經常面臨報銷不便，掛號難、住院難等，而郊區的老人面臨的主要問題是周圍沒有好醫院，常常無法及時就醫。調查顯示，慢性非傳染性疾病已經成為危害城市老人健康的最大殺手，但是有三分之一的患病老人沒有去治療，而且有四分之一的患病老人由於各種原因無法就診。因此，老年人的醫療服務呈現出個性化和多樣化的特點。
三、養老模式探析
（一）家庭養老模式
目前最適合中國國情且經濟成本最低的養老模式為家庭養老。現階段很多老人都由子女贍養，與子女吃住在一起，身體健康的老人通常還會幫襯帶帶孩子，甚至買菜、煮飯。但是還存在一部分身患疾病的老人，需要子女照顧，特別是患有半身不遂、癱瘓在床的老人，身邊不能沒有人照料，這對普通公民的經濟和生活狀況無疑是雪上加霜。
為了改善家庭養老模式的現狀，我們提出一種專業化家庭養老模式：中國城市中有40%的人群屬於低收入群體，對於這類人群，可以給予選擇提前退休去照顧自己家的老人，由政府撥出專項資金發放社會工資。這些回家照顧老人的勞動者，需要參加各種專業培訓並與社區簽訂協議，通過社區的社會工作機構定期對勞動者的家庭照料做出評估，從而給予報酬。這樣，不僅使老人得到悉心的照料，還解決了低收入群體的工作問題，一舉兩得。
（二）社區養老模式
社區養老模式是以老人的子女、親戚、朋友為核心，以社區為依託，以專業化的服務隊伍為依靠，為城市中在家居住的老年人提供生活照顧、醫療保健以及法律援助的養老模式。這種養老模式的特點是老人住在自己家裡，得到子女照顧的同時，由社區的服務機構和專業人士提供上門服務，對老年人的身心健康有利，同時還彌補了因各種原因子女無法照顧老人的缺憾，並在一定程度上節省了建設養老院的資金。 社區養老模式不同於家庭養老模式，它的實質是社區中的家庭養老模式；與機構養老模式相比，將社會機構中的養老服務引入了社區，吸收了家庭養老模式和機構養老模式的優點，是處於社會轉型期的中國面對老齡化問題提出的一種新型養老模式。
社區養老模式中主要服務群體為社工，目前我國社工的發展狀況不盡人意，原因包括：（1）我國對社工這個職業的認識不到位，沒有專門的機構對社工進行培訓，內地大多數大學都沒有社會工作會專業，而在香港和國外這個專業已經發展成熟；（2）政府對社工服務的投入不夠，導致社會工作者沒有良好的工資薪酬和福利制度，社會地位不高；（3）中國人傳統觀念嚴重，存在「家醜不可外揚」的思想，通常不願僱傭社工來解決家庭問題。
（三）機構養老模式
機構養老模式的主體是養老院、福利院、醫院以及各種康復中心，老年人通過入住養老院、福利院等養老機構，進行集中供養和居住，由專人負責照料日常生活。這種養老模式在一定程度上減輕了子女的負擔，同時避免了因為生活習慣、價值觀念等問題引起的生活沖突。其次，在一定程度上分散了家庭的養老風險，實現了養老資源的共濟和共享。
社區養老模式的成本很高，同時無法滿足老年人對親情交流的渴望，無法提供精神慰籍。我國的養老院大部分都是早期建立，其服務設施和專業服務水平很難跟得上社會的發展和需要，養老機構的設備條件普遍很差，專業服務人員水平不高，管理模式滯後，無法滿足標准化、規范化的管理。
四、對養老問題的一些想法
在生活方面，政府可否對老年人方法生活補助費，每月300元，獨立於養老保險之外。截止到2013年，中國有大約2億的老齡化人口，2×12×300=7200億，而我國的2013年GDP預計將達到10萬億美元，不會對我國財政造成很大負擔。
在醫療方面，政府可否對老年人開放免費醫療。雖然全民醫療到現在還不現實，但只是針對老年人的免費醫療並非不可行。
在精神需求方面，政府文化部門應經常組織針對老年人的文化活動，組織老人觀看電影、戲劇等活動，同時建設老年大學和老年娛樂活動設施。
五、結束語
在現階段，筆者認為應加強對養老問題的政府投入，以家庭養老模式和社區養老模式為主，機構養老模式為輔，使養老醫療服務專業化，資源配置合理化、社區規模體系化、管理標准化，建設具有中國特色的養老模式，更好的滿足我國對養老問題的基本需求。

❿ 西方發達國家關於贍養老人的法律法規

古羅馬時，虐待尊親屬、遺棄患精神病的卑親屬，分別構成剝奪卑、尊親屬繼承權的法定理由。甚至還有一種懲罰「精神遺棄」之不作為的規定「直系尊親屬下獄時，卑親屬能保釋而不為保釋者，喪失繼承權;卑親屬為俘虜時尊親屬有資力救贖而不為者，喪失繼承權。」
瑞典、芬蘭等北歐福利國家的法律中，都有有關子女對父母精神贍養的具體要求，以保證老人們晚年的幸福。這些要求以量化的方式具體規定了子女與父母的居住距離，每年、每月、每周甚至每日應當與父母接觸的時間和次數;連子女與父母談話的忌語都受到限制，從而最大限度地從立法上保證贍養行為的質量。
有些國家雖未採用專門條文規定精神贍養的問題，但在法律條文中均體現有這一精神。
《俄羅斯聯邦家庭法典》規定「有勞動能力的成年子女，應贍養其無勞動能力需要幫助的父母，並關心他們。」《法國民法典》第206條規定「女婿與兒媳也應當並且在相當的情形下對公、婆或岳父、母負相同義務，但是，在產生姻親關系的夫妻一方及其與另一方配偶的婚姻所生子女均已死亡時，此種義務即告停止。」第210條規定「如應當給予贍養費的人證明其不能支付的(1993年1曰8日93-22號法律)，家事法官得在查明情形後，命令該人將其應負擔撫養的人接至家中，給予衣食、心靈感應。」
有些法律條文還加重了親屬間遺棄的懲罰力度。1994年《法國刑法典》第223-3條、227-1條、227-15條規定「常人拋棄因年齡、健康狀況或精神狀態無自救力之人於任何場合者，分別處五年監禁和七年監禁。」1968年《義大利刑法》第591條亦規定「對未滿十四歲或因精神身體疾病無自救力之人負有保護教養義務而遺棄者處六月至五年徒刑;如父母、子女、監護人、配偶或養父母子女犯之者加重其刑。」
巴西也是人口老齡化國家。各級政府和社會一直重視保障老年人權益。巴西憲法明確規定「家庭、社會和國家有義務贍養老年人，保障他們參與社會，捍衛他們的尊嚴和福祉，保證他們的生活權利。」1994年和1996年，巴西先後以法律形式頒布了《國家老年人政策》，對政府和公共部門應為老年人提供的服務和老年人應享有的權利作出了規定。為了保障老年人的合法權益不受侵害，法律規定政府應為老年人提供法律咨詢，各級法院優先審理65歲以上老人提出的訴訟。每個公民都有義務投訴任何忽視和損害老年人權益的現象。