❶ 求社區養老中外文文獻
框架可以擬一下。
❷ 求社區養老服務方面的外文文獻。有資料來源，超過4萬字。急求！給高分！
外文文獻有，翻譯沒有，翻譯得靠你自己了，希望能滿足你的需要，能幫到你，如果需要直接網路Hi中留言同時貼出問題的鏈接地址和郵箱地址即可，或者告知其他安全可靠方式提供，多多給點懸賞分吧，急用的話請多選賞點分吧，這樣更多的知友才會及時幫到你，我找到也是很花時間的如果需要直接網路Hi中添加我好友，留言同時貼出問題的鏈接地址和郵箱地址即可，或者告知其他安全可靠方式提供
相關外文文獻已發送到郵箱，翻譯沒有，翻譯得靠你自己了，希望能滿足你的需要，能幫到你，多多給點懸賞分吧，急用的話請多選賞點分吧，這樣更多的知友才會及時幫到你，我找到也是很花時間的
❸ 誰有關於國外養老的外文翻譯的原文及其對應的譯文，求發我一份，明天就要交論文的外文翻譯了。求！在線等
先到網路文庫，找一篇此類文檔中文的，然後用有道翻譯，或是谷歌在線翻譯翻成英
文，然後把英文放上面，中文放下面。希望可以幫到你。如果要找標準的PDF格式外文文
獻，可以在谷歌，用英文文獻名+空格+PDF 這樣比較容易找到。
第一是Google搜索，主要是英文，尤其是其學術搜索，意義大。
第二，通過各大學圖書館系統，進入幾個主流的出版發行集團。
第三，利用網路免費儲存、電子書系統。尤其是國外多。
1、論文題目：要求准確、簡練、醒目、新穎。
2、目錄：目錄是論文中主要段落的簡表。（短篇論文不必列目錄）
3、提要：是文章主要內容的摘錄，要求短、精、完整。字數少可幾十字，多不超過三百字為宜。
4、關鍵詞或主題詞：關鍵詞是從論文的題名、提要和正文中選取出來的，是對表述論文的中心內容有實質意義的詞彙。關鍵詞是用作機系統標引論文內容特徵的詞語，便於信息系統匯集，以供讀者檢索。 每篇論文一般選取3-8個詞彙作為關鍵詞，另起一行，排在「提要」的左下方。主題詞是經過規范化的詞，在確定主題詞時，要對論文進行主題，依照標引和組配規則轉換成主題詞表中的規范詞語。
5、論文正文：（1）引言：引言又稱前言、序言和導言，用在論文的開頭。 引言一般要概括地寫出作者意圖，說明選題的目的和意義, 並指出論文寫作的范圍。引言要短小精悍、緊扣主題。〈2）論文正文：正文是論文的主體，正文應包括論點、論據、 論證過程和結論。主體部分包括以下內容：a.提出-論點；b.分析問題-論據和論證；c.解決問題-論證與步驟；d.結論。
6、一篇論文的參考文獻是將論文在和寫作中可參考或引證的主要文獻資料，列於論文的末尾。參考文獻應另起一頁，標注方式按《GB7714-87文後參考文獻著錄規則》進行。中文：標題--作者--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期）：作者--標題--出版物信息所列參考文獻的要求是：（1）所列參考文獻應是正式出版物，以便讀者考證。（2）所列舉的參考文獻要標明序號、著作或文章的標題、作者、出版物信息。
一，選題要新穎。
這次我的論文的成功，和高分，得到導師的贊許，都是因為我論文的選題新穎所給我帶來的好處。最好涉及護理新領域，以及新進展，這樣會給人耳目一新的感覺。
二，大量文獻做基礎
仔細查閱和你論文題目和研究范圍相關的文獻，大量的文獻查閱會你的論文寫作鋪墊，借鑒別人的思路，和好的語言。而且在寫作過程不會覺得語言平乏，當然也要自己一定的語言功底做基矗
三，一氣呵成
做好充分的准備，不要每天寫一些，每天改一些，這樣會打斷自己的思路，影響文章的連貫。
四，盡量採用多的專業術語
可能口語化的表達會給人帶來親切感，但論文是比較專業的形式，是有可能做為文獻來查閱和檢索的，所以論文語言的專業化，術語化會提升自己論文的水平。
五，用正規格式書寫
參考正規的論文文獻，論文格式。不要因為格式問題，而影響到你論文的質量。
六，最好在計算機上完成寫作過程
如果有條件最好利用電腦來完成寫作過程，好處以下幾點：1，節省時間，無論打字的速度慢到什麼程度，肯定要比手寫的快。2，方便，大量的文獻放在手邊，一個一個查閱是很不方便的，文獻都是用資料庫編輯，所以都是在電腦上完成。提前先在電腦上摘要出重點，寫出提綱，隨時翻閱，方便寫作。3，修改編輯，在電腦隨時對文章進行修改編輯都是非常的方便。4，隨時存檔，寫一段，存一段，防止突然停電，或者電腦當機。本人就是吃了這個大虧，一個晚上的勞動，差點就全沒了，幸虧男友是電腦高手，幫我找回。否則就恨著電腦，哭死算了。
七，成稿列印好交給導師
無論你的字寫的多麼優美，還是按照慣例來，列印出的文字顯的正規，而且交流不存在任何的問題，不會讓導師因為看不懂你的龍飛鳳舞，而低估你的論文。而且干凈整潔，女孩子不僅注意自己的形象問題，書面的東西也反映你的修養和氣質。
八，聽取導師意見，仔細修改
導師會給你一些關於你論文建設性的意見，仔細參考，認真修改。畢竟導師是發表過多篇論文，有頗多的經驗。
❹ 急求有關城市社區養老服務外文文獻一篇，需要外文來源，謝謝！！！！！
我處禁止上傳文件，相關PDF外文文獻有，翻譯沒有，翻譯得靠你自己，希望能滿足你的需要，能幫到你，多多給點懸賞分吧，急用的話請多選賞點分吧，這樣更多的知友才會及時幫到你，我找到也是很花時間的，如果需要請直接網路 私信 或者 Hi 中留言貼出你在 網路知道的問題鏈接地址 及 郵箱地址
❺ 需要老年公寓或者養老院設計的建築英文文獻~~急求,可以盡快回答我嗎
二十一世紀我國逐步進入老齡化社會，而中國的老年事業滯後於經濟和社會發展，社會養老設施嚴重不足，老年人的居住環境問題已嚴峻地擺到建築設計人員面前。老年人口的快速增長、家庭結構的變化、老少分離居住、家庭贍養關系的變化引起對老年住宅新的需求。國內外的實踐也表明，創造適宜老年人居住的住宅，促進和完善家庭養老比大力推進社會養老具有更普遍、更積極的意義。 本文在分析國內老年住宅的現實需求和發展前景的前提下，指出適宜老年人的住宅是解決我國老年人居住生活問題的現實對策。開發建設老年住宅，作為一種建築類型設置於居住區內，以老年住宅為載體發展住宅市場和老年服務市場，對老齡化社會中保持老年人的獨立性和老年人共享社會發展成果十分必要。在明確老年住宅這一框架之後，本文在分析老年人生理、心理以及行為特徵的基礎上，把老年住宅分為內部空間環境和外部空間環境分別對其進行分析探討。提出適宜老年人的住宅設計應以老年人為核心，創造易於識別、易於控制、易於到達、易於交往和無障礙的空間環境。從總平面設計到道路設施、空間組合、套型設計、各個功能空間設計、服務設施設計以及細部處理都始終貫徹對老年人的關懷和對老年人的適宜性。論文意在通過對適宜老...
Our country enters the aging-country graally in the 21st century. But business for the aged lags behind the society advancement and economy development, the facility is insufficiency seriously. The architects confront the vital question of the inhabitation environment of the aged. The aged increasing quickly, change of family structure, separation between parents and family and difficult of family support which arouse demands of the house for the aged. The domestic and international fulfillments prove tha...
❻ 有關農村居家養老服務模式這一類的外文文獻+中文翻譯，有請發[email protected]~~十分感謝
在網上搜搜吧，或許能找到。
❼ 急求有關養老服務的外文文獻！
我處禁止上傳文件，相關PDF外文文獻有，沒那麼多，不知是否滿足近幾年的要求，翻譯沒有，翻譯得靠你自己，希望能滿足你的需要，能幫到你，多多給點懸賞分吧，急用的話請多選賞點分吧，這樣更多的知友才會及時幫到你，我找到也是很花時間的，如果需要請直接網路 私信 或者 Hi 中留言貼出你在 網路知道的問題鏈接地址 及 郵箱地址
相關外文文獻已發送，翻譯沒有，翻譯得靠你自己了，希望能滿足你的需要，能幫到你，多多給點懸賞分吧，急用的話請多選賞點分吧，這樣更多的知友才會及時幫到你，我找到也是很花時間的
❽ 求關於社區養老的外文文獻
The aging of the population in the 21st century the major social problems, the international community of the hot issues of common concern of China's social, economic and overall development with the major strategic issues. In recent years, China's traditional family and community-based old-age pension services, both in the event of significant changes. Now, on this issue with the international experts and counterparts to exchange some cases.
(A) At present, China is the world's most populous country in the elderly, accounting for about one-fifth of the world's elderly population. Since the end of 2000, the elderly population over the age of 60 to 3.2 percent average annual growth rate last year, China's water for more than 60 elderly people have reached 136 million, accounting for 10 percent share of the total population of more than the aging of the population to enter the country. More prominent is that the elderly over the age of 80 has reached 13 million and an average annual rate of 5.4 percent. The middle of this century, 60 years old or older will reach about 400 million, when one in four elderly people. China's population age structure into old age by the alt type, date from 1982 to 2000, only 18 years, compared with some developed countries, the speed of the base of the large number of the elderly population is an unprecedented of.
Population aging in the process of development, although the growth rate of China's rapidly aging population, but from the beginning of the 21st century, the Chinese economy will achieve the development objectives of the third step, 30 to 21 years, the working population the proportion of the total population has remained more than 60%, with a long time in China's labor resources are still relatively abundant and low age of the older population accounts for 70% of healthy elderly. Therefore, the aging of the population on China's prospects, they do not have to worry, can not be negligent, as long as doing a good job, governance of China's population aging, we are full of confidence.
It is worth noting that at the turn of the century about the importance of 20-year historical period, China's social and economic structure of many areas will face a "transition" process, and its future, will include old-age pension system, including the future of China's economy have a profound impact on the trend. One change from the scores of the planned economy era of planned economy to market economy and the coexistence of two-track, and then to a fairly complete socialist market economic system reform, China has demanded the establishment of the pension system and reform the idea of a variety of market economy should be closely the pulse of development in line with the requirements of the development of a market economy, constrained by the laws of the market. The second change, China has continued for more than a decade of rapid economic growth, the turn of the century will be continued. As to China's overall national strength has increased substantially and the national economy and employment structure of the instrial structure will be significant changes to speed up the urbanization process. Owing to the large number of rural surplus labor transfer to the second and third instries, and from rural areas moved to cities, rural areas will depend in large measure the traditional shake the foundation of the family pension. The third change in the turn of the century, China's aging population has entered the ranks of society. Elderly population in absolute numbers and in the total population increase in the proportion will change the age structure of the population, adding to the burden of social endowment. Of social labor market supply, the national economy, the proportion of accumulation and consumption and so on have a profound impact. The transformation of socio-economic structure, the decision of China's pension system will also be going through a "transition" process, leading from the main domestic economic leader in the social old-age pension to the transition. However, taking into account in the 21st century for a long period of time, China's existing urban-rural al economic structure will continue to exist. Therefore, at present, China's pension system, the basic framework can be broadly summarized as follows: conform to their social, economic and demographic changes in the structure of the family old-age pension and track both the overall framework of the graal transition to the social endowment.
(B) China's old-age pension, currently mainly family-based old-age pension. People's Republic of China since the founding of the "Constitution", "Marriage," "People's Republic of China Law on the Protection of the rights and interests of older persons" such as laws, they affirmed the legal status of family pension, of which 29 August, 1996 promulgated " Old Age Law "clearly provides that" the elderly mainly depend on old-age home, family members should be the concern and care for older persons. maintenance of older persons should carry out to support the economic, social care and spiritual comfort of the obligations of the special care of the elderly needs. "
China's family old-age model, has also aroused the concern of the international community. Held in Vienna in 1982, the United Nations World Assembly on Aging, the General Assembly, the Secretary-General pointed out: "with China as the representative of the Asian way to solve the problems of the elderly is the world's example." The so-called Asian way, that is, refers specifically to the way of family pension. In China, such a large population, the economy is not yet well-developed developing countries, to play the role of family pension, a very far-reaching significance. Moreover, adhering to and developing the tradition of old-age home for the aging of the population of developing countries to solve the problem, there will be a certain impact.
From the social development, the family pension is not only reflected the inter-generational economic reciprocity between the mutual aid and, more importantly, embodies the spirit of mutual support the two sides consolation. No matter what kind of goods to the level of economic development, regardless of people's thinking, values and how the family structure changes, the traditional ethics of the Chinese nation still maintain the basic norms of a normal life. Because, in the family as a result of the formation of a common life and harmonious family relations, social relations, any other can not be replaced.
However, the progress of society, the times are changing, China is not the old model can not be changed. Overall, China's old-age, elderly, whether rural or urban, 70% of the elderly have been relatively good maintenance. And the mobilization of all levels of government rely on the strength of all sectors of society to take a variety of old-age pension, so as to enable the broad masses of the spirit of the basic needs of the elderly. However, some elderly people to old-age pension is also not satisfied. Not satisfied with the proportion of claims for different, and some that are not satisfied with the 22 percent of people, some 19% of the people that are not satisfied with, and some that are not satisfied with 26% of the people. In short, one-third of the elderly believe that the issue of the elderly more prominent pension of old-age pension is not satisfied with the situation. This is because the emergence of new family pension, the new situation. Its a common question is: the concept of family pension, old-age sense of desalination; "parents, not Travel" has been completely shattered the fetters; senior citizens more and more elderly, more and more empty-nest elderly, a growing elderly family more; rural old-age security has not been fully established, the rural collective economic base is weak, no more funds to address the issue of protecting the livelihood of the elderly; elderly family status has changed fundamentally. Old-age traditional family has faced unprecedented challenges.
In the cities, increasing family size reced, the core of the family, empty nest families, the elderly will be increasing number of families. "Family changes in trend analysis of Shanghai," Shanghai article pointed out that the main characteristics of the family: the family is always in continuous growth (the early 80s, the city's families a total of 3,146,000, the early 90s rose to 4,153,000, 10 in an increase of 1.007 million); families increasingly shrink the average population (the city's family size to 4.91 persons in 1949 to 1982, the city's average family size has dropped to 3.6 people, the current average is less than 3 per person); single families, elderly households showed the trend of rapid growth (the city's 4.39 million households in the elderly over the age of 65 accounted for 26.4 percent of households than in 1990 increased by 4.5 percentage points), the example of Shanghai, in a sense, reflects China's cities with the issue of universality.
The above shows that with the historical development, social change, the family faced a series of new problems in old-age pension, old-age traditional family has become the aging of the population not meet the needs of the development. From China's economic, political, cultural traditions and the elderly and families for tolerance, it is necessary to ensure the dignity of older persons, both now or in the future, take the family old-age pension and social combination of roads, is to resolve the issue of China's old-age of a way out.
(C) of the Chinese elderly people in urgent need of the community old-age pension of service to the community. Community refers to a certain geographical-based community social life, which includes a certain geographical region, the region of a variety of material and cultural resources, as well as through the blood, such as geopolitical relations linking people with common interests and organizations. Urban communities in China, generally refers to an office area or street. Community to serve the community of old-age pension is community-carrier-led community-based organizations play a government, communities, families and indivials a wide range of power, the full mobilization of community resources, material and human resources for the elderly, elderly, old-age provide a full range of support to the elderly according to their own desires to continue to stay at home and stay in a familiar environment, and pro-people familiar with the neighbors and friends with dignity.
China's community service pension starting from the 80's, after 20 years of development has begun to take shape, at present, most large and medium-sized cities have begun to take shape the facilities and services, fixed services and door-to-door services as the main form of service, and form of life care, health care, mental health, culture and entertainment, participation and protection services as the main contents of the pattern of community service pension. In recent years, the Chinese government attaches importance to promoting community service to the community, and has introced a "speed up the development on the views of community services" and "accelerate the achievement on the socialization of social welfare views." In some places on the promotion of community service to the community of old-age have also been actively exploring in the full use of various social forces to mobilize the community of human, material and financial resources, the establishment of multi-channel services to the cause of old-age community has made initial success. Such as Zhejiang, Shanghai, Guangdong and other provinces and municipalities have issued the relevant policies and regulations, social forces organized for the cause of social welfare has created a favorable policy environment, greatly improving the enterprises and institutions, social groups and indivials, as well as Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and even foreign organizations to run social welfare initiatives to quicken the social and pension services. Up to now, China's community-based elderly care facilities has reached 200,000, community service organizations, 70,000 volunteers, community service more than 800 million volunteers, run more than 750 social welfare agencies.
At present, China's endowment of the community social services to the main contents include:
(A) the diversification of investment channels. Given China's current level of economic development, the Government can not do all the community facilities and services for the elderly, should be taken to the state, collectives and indivials shared responsibility approach. Part of government investment funds, the main force of the elderly services for the demonstration projects, and through preferential policies and encourage the community to draw on the strength of older facilities and services set up in order to greatly accelerate the community-the pace of development of elderly services to meet the growing elderly The demand for services and facilities.
(B) community-based management approach. Arranged to change the way old-age welfare facilities, services and facilities, as appropriate, will be part of services to civil society groups to the operation and management, the Government has given some preferential policies, the adoption of policies and regulations at the same time monitoring and guidance, social service to the community to do.
(C) the community of clients. Community services and old-age pension is not only simple facilities for the elderly or a small number of the Home object, but for all communities in need of the elderly. Units and corporate services and facilities for the elderly to all elderly people should be community-oriented, to achieve resource sharing.
(D) community-based services. The professional services and volunteer activities, a wide range of community residents and area units for the elderly community obligations, to cover services.
In addition, the level of China's social security than the western developed countries is still relatively low, for the welfare of the elderly care situation of growing demand, a number of urban communities to establish a time saving system to encourage young people to provide care for the elderly care for the elderly, for their own future care needs of the time savings.
❾ 求一篇關於社會保障或者養老的英文文獻(懸20分，我只有這么多）
有5篇資料。全文已經發給你。第二個參考文獻是書，沒法發....
我的郵箱是[email protected]
[1] Van der Klaauw, W.,Wolpin K. Social security and the retirement and savings behavior of low-income households[J]. Journal of Econometrics. 2008. 145(1-2): 21-42.
[2] Rofman, R., Carranza E., Network H. D.,et al. Social security coverage in Latin America[M]: Social Protection, World Bank. 2005.
[3] Gustman, A.,Steinmeier T. The social security early entitlement age in a structural model of retirement and wealth[J]. Journal of Public Economics. 2005. 89(2-3): 441-463.
[4] Diamond, P.,Orszag P. Saving social security[J]. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 2005. 19(2): 11-32.
[5] Williamson, J. Social security and physical quality of life in developing nations: A cross-national analysis[J]. Social Indicators Research. 1987. 19(2): 205-227.
❿ 急需一篇與養老社區有關的外文文獻及翻譯，外文文獻必須是外國的作者都是3000字以上，非常感謝！
用google scholar 搜索，都是學術文獻。